Operations

Operations

Arcis supports many of Rust's native operations but extends them to work seamlessly with encrypted data, allowing you to write private computations using familiar Rust syntax. See the tables below for a detailed list of supported and unsupported operations.

Table of contents

• Expression support

  • Binary expressions

  • Casts

  • Literals

  • Methods

  • Paths

• Item support

• Pattern support

Expression support:

Expression Name	Example	Support	Comments
Array literal	[a, b]	Supported
Assignment	a = b;	Supported
Async block	async { ... }	Unsupported
Await	foo().await	Unsupported
Binary expression	a + b	Partial Support	See table below for supported binary expressions.
Block expression	{ ... }	Supported
Break	break;	Unsupported
Function call	f(a, b)	Partial Support	See table below for supported functions.
Casts	a as u16	Partial Support	See table below for supported conversions.
Closures	|a, b | a + b	Unsupported yet
Const block	const { ... }	Supported
Continue	continue;	Unsupported
Field access/set	obj.field	Supported
For loop	for i in expr { ... }	Supported	Note that expr will have its length known at compile-time.
If	if cond { ... } else { ... }	Supported	Complexity is in O( then_block + else_block).
Indexing	a[idx]	Supported	Complexity will be in O(a.len()) if idx isn't known at compile-time.
If let	if let Some(x) = ...	Unsupported
Literals	1u128	Partial Support	See table below for supported literals.
Loops	loop { ... }	Unsupported	Cannot be supported as the number of iterations is not known.
Macros	println!("{}", q)	Partial Support	See table below for supported macros.
Match	match n { ... }	Unsupported
Method calls	x.foo(a, b)	Partial Support	See table below for supported methods.
Parentheses	(a + b)	Supported
Paths	Foo::bar	Partial Support	See table below for supported paths.
Ranges	4..5	Partial Support	Not supported in arr[4..16].
Raw addresses	&raw const foo	Unsupported
References	&mut foo	Supported
Repeat arrays	[4u8; 128]	Supported
Return	return false;	Unsupported
Struct literals	MyStruct { a: 12, b }	Supported
Try expression	this_call_can_err()?;	Unsupported
Tuple literal	(a, 4, c)	Supported
Unary expressions	!x	Partial Support	User-defined unary operations are not supported.
Unsafe	unsafe { ... }	Unsupported
While loops	while x < 64 { ... }	Unsupported	Cannot be supported as the number of iterations is not known.

Binary expressions

Note: user-defined binary operations are currently unsupported.

Example	Supported types
a + b	Integers, floats
a - b	Integers, floats
a * b	Integers, floats
a / b	Integers, floats
a % b	Integers
a && b	Booleans
a || b	Booleans
a ^ b	Booleans
a & b	Booleans
a | b	Booleans
a << b	None
a >> b	Integers, if b is known at compile time.
a == b	All. Use derive(PartialEq) for structs.
a != b	All. Use derive(PartialEq) for structs.
a < b	Booleans, integers, floats
a <= b	Booleans, integers, floats
a >= b	Booleans, integers, floats
a > b	Booleans, integers, floats
a += b	Integers, floats
a -= b	Integers, floats
a *= b	Integers, floats
a /= b	Integers, floats
a %= b	Integers
a ^= b	Booleans
a &= b	Booleans
a |= b	Booleans
a <<= b	None
a >>= b	Integers, if b is known at compile time

Cast expressions

a as MyType is only supported:

From Type	To Type
integer type	integer type
bool	integer type
integer type	bool
&...&T	&T

Function calls

The following function calls are supported:

• user-defined function calls (without generics and without recursion)

• ArcisRNG::bool() to generate a boolean.

• ArcisRNG::gen_integer_from_width(width: usize) -> u128. Generates a secret integer between 0 and 2^width - 1 included.

• ArcisRNG::gen_public_integer_from_width(width: usize) -> u128. Generates a public integer between 0 and 2^width - 1 included.

• ArcisRNG::gen_integer_in_range(min: u128, max: u128, n_attempts: usize) -> (result: u128, success: bool). See function doc for more information.

• ArcisRNG::shuffle(slice) on slices. Complexity is in O(n*log³(n) + n*log²(n)*sizeof(T)).

• Mxe::get() to be able to create persistent secret data.

• Shared::new(arcis_public_key) to share private data with arcis_public_key.

• ArcisPublicKey::from_base58(base58_byte_string) to create a public key from a base58-encoded address.

• ArcisPublicKey::from_uint8(u8_byte_slice) to create a public key from a Uint8 array.

Literal expressions

Example	Support
"foo"	Unsupported
b"foo"	Supported
c"foo"	Unsupported
b'f'	Supported
'a'	Unsupported
1	Supported
1u16	Supported
1f64	Supported
1.0e10f64	Supported
true	Supported

Macros

The following macros are supported in order to help you debug your rust code:

• debug_assert!, debug_assert_ne!, debug_assert_eq!. They do not change instruction behavior and are only useful for debugging your rust code.

• eprint!, eprintln!, print!, println!. They do not change instruction behavior and are only useful for debugging your rust code.

Method calls

The following method calls are supported:

• user-defined method calls (without generics and without recursion)

• .clone() on all Clone objects.

• .len(), .is_empty(), .swap(a, b), .fill(value), .reverse(), .iter(), .iter_mut(), .into_iter(), .windows(width) on arrays.

• .sort() on arrays of integers. Complexity is in O(n*log²(n)*bit_size).

• .enumerate(), .chain(other), .cloned(), .copied(), .count(), .rev(), .zip(other) on iterators.

• .take(n), .skip(n) on iterators when n is compile-time known.

• .reveal() if not inside a if or a else

• .to_arcis() on Encs

• .from_arcis(x) on Owners (objects of types Mxe or Shared) if not inside a if or a else

• .abs(), .min(x), .max(x) on integers and floats

• .abs_diff(), .is_positive(), .is_negative() on integers

• .exp(), .exp2(), .ln(), .log2(), .sqrt() on floats.

Paths

The following paths are supported:

• IntType::MIN and IntType::MAX where IntType is an integer type.

• Paths to user-defined constants, functions and structs, as long as they don't use the unsupported Self.

Item support:

Lifetimes are the only generics that are supported on any user-defined object.

Item Name	Example	Support	Comments
Constant	const MAX: u16 = 65535	Supported
Enum	enum MyEnum { ... }	Unsupported
Extern	extern ...	Unsupported
Functions	fn foo() -> u8 { 0 }	Partial Support	Recursive functions are not supported.
Impls	impl MyType { ... }	Partial Support	Traits are not supported. MyType should not be a reference. Also, MyType should be used instead of Self.
Macro Definitions	macro_rules! ...	Unsupported
Macro Invocations	println!(...)	Partial Support	See table above for supported macros.
Modules	mod my_module { ... }	Supported
Statics	static ...	Unsupported
Structs	struct MyStruct { ... }	Supported
Traits	trait MyTrait { ... }	Unsupported
Type Aliases	type MyId = usize;	Unsupported
Union	union MyUnion { ... }	Unsupported
Use	use arcis_imports::*	Partial Support	Only use arcis_imports:: is supported.

Pattern support:

The following patterns are supported in function arguments and let statements:

• simple idents: let ident = ...;

• mutable idents: let mut ident = ...;

• ref idents: let ref ident = ...;

• mutable ref idents: let ref mut ident = ...;

• parentheses around a supported pattern: let (...) = ...;

• reference of a supported pattern: let &... = ...;

• array of supported patterns: let [...] = ...;

• struct of supported patterns: let MyStruct { ... } = ...;

• tuple of supported patterns: let (...) = ...;

• tuple struct of supported patterns: let MyStruct(...) = ...;

• type pattern of a supported pattern: let ...: ty = ...;

• wild pattern: let _ = ...;

Note: in particular, the .. pattern is currently unsupported.

Performance Considerations

While Arcis provides these operations on encrypted data, it's important to note that operations on encrypted data are more computationally expensive than their plaintext counterparts. Complex calculations can lead to increased computation time and resource usage. It's recommended to optimize your algorithms to minimize the number of operations on encrypted data where possible.